Black Friday is upon us, and while the discounts are as covert as a classified dossier, Tenyps.com is your secret headquarters for the most innovative spy gear and anti-spy gadgets. Whether you're a professional in the field of security or an enthusiast with a passion for espionage gadgets, we have the tools to make your Black Friday mission a success.
Gear Up for Every Covert Operation
Forget scouring the internet for fleeting Black Friday deals; the true value lies in the quality and sophistication of your gear. Our selection at Tenyps.com is carefully curated to ensure you have access to the best in modern surveillance and counter-surveillance technology.
Discover Gadgets That Outsmart the Ordinary
Our gadgets don't just spy; they defy. Each product in our collection blends seamlessly into the life of the modern-day spy enthusiast, providing you with the ultimate edge in security and discretion.
Black Friday at Tenyps.com - Where Secrecy is the Standard
While others chase the chaos of Black Friday sales, we offer a more strategic approach. Our spy and anti-spy gadgets are about empowering you with capabilities that go beyond a one-time discount.
Join the Elite Tenyps Operatives
We invite you to become part of an elite group of individuals who understand the power of high-quality espionage equipment. By choosing Tenyps.com, you're aligning yourself with a world that prioritizes discretion, security, and technological prowess.
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Your Mission, Should You Choose to Accept It
This Black Friday, we challenge you to look beyond the price tags and invest in spy gear that truly protects, empowers, and delivers when it counts. At Tenyps.com, you're not just buying gadgets; you're upgrading your operational potential.
Prepare for your next mission with Tenyps.com, where the art of espionage is at your fingertips.
]]>For younger kids, spy toys like walkie-talkies, binoculars, and fingerprint kits provide endless hours of entertainment. Kids can pretend they're on a secret mission, communicating with their friends, and solving puzzles along the way.
For older kids, more advanced spy gear like cameras, listening devices, and GPS trackers offer a more challenging and rewarding experience. These gadgets allow kids to explore the world of espionage and develop important skills like attention to detail, strategy, and communication.
And for those interested in the latest technology, Tenyps offers a range of high-tech spy gear like drones and virtual reality headsets. These products are perfect for kids who love gadgets and want to explore the world of espionage in a new and exciting way.
But spy gear isn't just fun and games – it's also a great way to encourage creativity, problem-solving, and critical thinking. By engaging in pretend spy missions and solving puzzles, kids can develop important skills that will serve them well throughout their lives.
So if you're looking for a fun and exciting gift for your child, consider spy gear from Tenyps. With our wide selection of toys and gadgets, there's something for every young spy to enjoy.
]]>One of the most popular products we offer is the nanny cam. These cameras are a great way to keep an eye on your children and ensure their safety, even when you're not around. Whether you're hiring a new babysitter or just want to check in on your kids while you're at work, a nanny cam is a reliable and effective tool.
But our selection of spy gear doesn't stop there. We also offer a range of hidden cameras that can be disguised as everyday objects like alarm clocks, USB drives, and even tissue boxes. These cameras are perfect for monitoring your home or office for suspicious activity and keeping your belongings safe and secure.
For those concerned about being spied on, we also offer a range of anti-spy protection gear. Our bug detectors, signal jammers, and privacy screens are designed to protect against various types of spying, including hidden cameras, audio recorders, and GPS trackers. With Tenyps, you can shop with confidence, knowing that all products are of the highest quality and designed with safety and security in mind.
So whether you're a concerned parent, a private investigator, or just someone interested in the world of espionage, Tenyps has everything you need to stay one step ahead of the game.
So why did we choose the name Tenyps? Here's a riddle to help you solve the mystery:
I am a word that reads the same When turned upside down,
it's just a game
A net for spies is what I mean
Can you guess what I am,
from what you've seen?
Write your answer in the comments and you might get a secret bonus!
]]>Definition and Millitarianism
11 Methods of cryptography marking history: the Caesar chip, the Enigma Code and Beyond
Although it is fair to say that certain spy devices portrayed in Movies could not have been in the real world and never will be, over the years there are some very interesting gadgets that helped us spy on one another and gather information.
It isn't surprising that we really love Bond and his slick ways!
Although the sector is constantly innovating in order to try to stay one step ahead of its ever-changing adversary, digital networks to aerial surveillance were not introduced.
In ancient times the history of spies has indeed its roots.
B.C. Spy Gadgets. Times Times
Spy gadgets have a much longer history than you would have thought. In 500 B.C. the Spartans and old Greeks used their own form of scytal devices.
Such instruments were shaped like parchment-wrapped tubes or other material, and held instructions that needed to be conveyed during military campaigns.
To decipher the code, all the beneficiaries would have to do was place the material over a rod of the same size. Cool, huh?
The 19th century
In 1466 Leon Battista Alberti designed the so-called Alberti Chipher, an Italian painter and architect. This is claimed to be one of the first ever polyalphabentic ciphers to write as well as to decipher the messages.
The cipher included two disks graved with letters that were laid on each other in order that the messages could be created and decoded.
The 1700s Spy Gadgets
In the 1700s, there were some more significant market advances, including the "silver bullets" — perhaps not your own view — and the compassionate mark.
Bullets of silver (1776)
There were miniature silver bullets about the size of a ball of muscle — hollow objects that could be used to conceal messages. They were not unusual because they were so small, and they could easily be concealed and even eaten.
Some spies discovered that the swallowing had to follow the engineering improvement that eliminated leadership from design – through lead poisoning and death.
Friendly place (1778)
Dr. James Jay, John Jay's uncle, who was the first head judge of the Supreme Court of the world, invented this invisible ink. There was one chemical to write a letter, and another to decipher it.
Silas Deane, a leading French revolutionary agent, and George Washington were given the ink. This nice stain helped to inscribe hidden messages from London to America.
The 19th century
The Confederate Secret Service designed in 1864 one of the next great espionage devices and dubbed the "gas torpedo." This was a hollowed-out iron cast with explosives and a painting of gold.
Documents confirmed attacks were burned with these torpedos, but it is believed that they had taken down a number of ships.
The 1900s: Evolving Spy Gadgets
In the 1900s, you will intend to see a lot of innovations in spy devices, including the ones mentioned below, based on technical progress and historical trends. This century was one of the most fascinating in the world of spy devices.
Shot Pigeon (1916) Shot.
Pigeons were used to take photos, bear notes and more right across history. Throughout World War I, the military powers of both sides fitted pigeons with identification video cameras.
The Cher Ami U.S. Army carried 12 key messages that saved hundreds of allied lives by the distinguished French Army Cross de Guerre.
Playing with tables and cards (1940s)
Together with the United States Playing Card Co., British and U.S. information agencies were used to embellish secret maps into cards which were subsequently soaked into splices and maps to reveal. The enemys were used to falsify the enemy and to hide information throughout the 2nd World War.
The fake board game featured data, charts and compasses and a red mark on the room for 'free parking' was identified. We knew something's good space!
Camera of the Microdotus (60s)
This camera is one of the most critical surveillance cameras ever. The articles were illustrated and the size of the miniature points replicated.
These points may subsequently be dissimulated in letters, rings, styluses or other objects, read when necessary, using a Microscope.
Kits for Rectal exhaust (1960s)
While this one has an uncomfortable aspect, it has served its function for some time. It was a small capsule which the CIA circulated and which agents were given to conceal in their rectums.
It contained tiny papers, picks and other blunt and locked pieces which could help spies avoid custody.
Gun lipstick (1965) Gun.
The Kiss of Death is allegedly used by KGB officers, a 4.5 mm weapon cleverly hidden inside a lipstick bag.
Dog doo transmitter T11-51 (1970s) dog doo transmitter
A radio transmitter and a homing tool were dressed as dog feces to discourage citizens from participating. Air force to fly fuel flow at night during the Vietnam War.
Glasses with cyanide (1970s)
These glasses were developed for US prisoners in the 1970s by the CIA. The tips of the pellets were made of cyanide, so Americans could chew their lenses and kill themselves when faced with intense probing, torture or knowledge and secrets.
Screen of Bulgaria (1978)
This parachute has been tipped with ricin, which can be fired with a quick jab. In 1978 an unidentified individual murdered Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov with this tool.
Charlie robot cod (1999)
Anybody, James Pond? This little guy was an experiment in catfish shape to test the potential of aquatic robot technology.
The wireless observation line was autonomous and operated, and water samples would be gathered near critical water sites, such as nuclear plants, without any identification or capture.
Today Spy Gadgets
Even human agents are not as used as devices such as unmanaged spy planes, satellites and e-monitoring. Threats to security are less clearly defined and take shape online than they do in the physical world.
In this contemporary period cyber sleuthing with instruments such as:
Hardware for the nightstand
Spies can carry on cyber attacks within 8 miles by breaking into the Wi-Fi networks at the Nightstand of the National Security Agency.
Mouth-1 Cotton
That machine looks like a USB cable running every day, but even better than that. It feels as it is. It acts as a wireless connection to target networks, gripping each computer and causing havoc from them.
Our 007 Roots – not that fictitious
The examples in this article do not go far enough, but include some of the big developments which have driven further spy gear growth and improvement.
Moreover, the tools we know about these items are just those. A huge number of more weapons, equipment and tools is more than likely that allowed us to capture bad guys, expose enemy intentions and complete top-secret operations.
That should be proud of James Bond.
Security System VS Burglar Alarms
Home security alarms and systems are very different. Burglar detectors have door and window sensors that alert you or police to the entrance of another. And there are other advantages to a home protection network, including fire alarm, high carbon monoxide levels and even floods. Once you sign up for a security service, make sure you learn what you want.
Wireless or Hardwired?
There are no wires other than the electrical line on the control interface with a wireless home security system. And it ensures you can install a wireless surveillance network and save on maintenance costs if you can put an picture on the wall. Hardwired installations usually require a lot of digging through the walls of the contractor to connect the cable and link up to the breaker box in your house.
More considerations:
You should create a security system depending on your home style and requirements. Origin of photo: photo Luke Gibson
We hope that you enjoy our goods. Just so that you learn, Freshome will take part in purchases from this page's ties.
We don't want to scare you (sorry), but the FBI reports that over 2 million homes in the United States are being burglarised each year. That means somebody breaks into a house every 13 seconds somewhere in the world. Review. Review.
A home surveillance device is the only choice to stop being the target of a robbery. For hundreds of hours, we have researched and spent studying analysis and criminal law reports and talking with our clients and police officers.
Besides this detailed analysis, a list of 10 items you should learn before you install a home protection device is available. You will learn what to do in a program to secure your valuables and families, as well as the fundamentals.
When your valuables have been altersed, you should mount apps that will alarm you. Asset security systems let you know that there is no visible evidence whether, for example, a jewelry box has been unlocked, a artwork has moved or a safe has been compromised.
Asset security gear is helpful not only to theft, but also to you. Of example, once you walk into your house when you are out a maintenance worker or house cleaner will know that your valuables are damaged. Remember how much you would like when contemplating wealth security tools.
There are big variations between a house alarm and a home protection device, which would provide you and your family with extra advantages and can be the best investment. It is vital that you know what you're getting, what's safeguarded and how the program functions before you sign up to a product.
The typical warning system with door and window sensors is a burglary warning. You or the police (depending on your situation) should be informed that an intruder has entered your house. But you can also be warned about environmental dangers, such as fire, carbon monoxide and even flooding in a home safety system.
Many homeowners worry about the power of the house security system. Suppose that you were on holiday and that a hurricane washed out power in your neighbourhood. Is it ever on the home defense system? Is it safeguarding your home? Would you want to move back home?
Don't be scared, it will continue to work irrespective of what sort of machine you have, even though there is no electricity at home. Typically, a traditional electrically powered system is low voltage and does not actually take a lot of power to operate the system. So these devices have a big battery to back up the device when the primary power is depleted.
A solar protection system is another choice. This can be set to only one part , for example an external surveillance camera, or you can use the whole device with solar energy. A solar panel is more costly, but the better option if you're looking for a renewable alternative that offers power even without electricity.
Although some defense firms might convince you that everyone has only one form of protection device, this will not happen. In addition, there are several different styles and sizes, each tailored to match your needs. Certainly, this will cost more; but it will also offer you more security because it is specifically designed to fit your home and life style.
In the apartments or small homes, a small device may be perfect. You need a network to manage a vast volume of information and tracking because you have a bigger home. A big house requires a network protecting all walls , windows and grounds.
You should get a home surveillance system even though you have a small budget. Perhaps you want to find a traditional burgle warning system; this offers you doors and windows with alarms and alerts intruders to them. This should provide sufficient protection for your precious objects and your family though not as sophisticated as a home defense device.
You can opt for a bigger, more sophisticated program with added capabilities if your budget allows. These will include fire alarms, alerts for carbon monoxide and intruder notifications. You should have direct access to emergency services. The use of asset security tools may also be a more sophisticated method.
Based with the type of device you buy you mount your home surveillance system. A technician may need to mount a conventional wired network and also needs a few boils (and holes in the walls) to connect the sensors to the central alarm device.
On the other hand, it is much easier to install a wireless system, since no drilling is necessary. Wireless devices, while some are powered by solar panels, are typically powered by batteries.
Different hardware will be required to connect you directly to the security service or emergency services. The system may also depend on the business you are purchasing. Ask what is necessary for installation so you are ready (and potentially messy) for the process.
]]>There is a question over the violation of privacy by Big Brothers and Big Tech. Nonetheless, the next door man or a shifty colleague can be an urgent concern.
The broader variety of so-called intelligent control devices has allowed the clandestine live broadcasting or capturing of what people say or do. Market spending on US security cameras will hit 4 billion dollars by 2023, up from 2,1 billion dollars in 2018, according to Strategy Analytics, a technology-market consulting company. The unit sales are expected to more than double last year of consumer monitoring equipment.
The concern is that technology is not used to fight thieves or keep an eye on the dog while she is at home alone. Tiny cameras, like the Airbnb rental shop, public bathrooms, and fitness lockers, were found in places where they should not be. Indeed, technology experts warn us too much that we're in a "bugging epidemic."
Search for something that is disturbed, out of place or unusual in the setting. Other than clunky nanny cams can be used to track. Wireless micro devices can be found, even as small as a postage stamp, to be placed in areas that are hard to find like indoor clocks, light fixtures and air vents.
Be wary about something, like a hole bored in a hotel toilet, with an unexplained break in it. And check for wires that are trailing off something clearly electronic, such as a desk, a bookcase or a plant.
Another cheap way to spot monitoring devices is to turn the lights off and scan a room with a flashlight to see if the camera lens is brilliant. If you do not have a torch, look around using an indoor light that is otherwise invisible the spy-camera sends to your smartphone (the one you use for video chats).
A fast way to see if the infrarot light is being sensed by your phone is to look through the viewfinder on your television remotely. Once you push the buttons, you 're free to go to a bright show on the tip of the screen.
The Fing app can also be downloaded from you, and shows you all gadgets attached to your Wi-Fi network when enabled. Anything which includes a camera producer 's name — like Nest, Arlo or Wyze — or which flags the applications as a possible camera is an issue. That's all you can't identify easily.
Spy kit with its own hot spot can be used by more advanced voyeurs for live streams. It is therefore a good idea to check for other Wi-Fi networks that have a strong signal in the surroundings. But that doesn't help when the device records all on a small memory card to the peeper later.
When you are aiming for a larger scope, there are many methods for counter-monitoring. Specially designed camera lens detectors are among the easiest to use tools. They cost between $200 and $400 and offer a circle of glossy red LED strobe luminaires. Even the tiniest camera lens seems to flash back at you as you search the space looking through the viewfinder.
Jill Johnston, CEO at KJB Security Products in Nashville said "I used to market mainly cameras, but in the last couple of years there have been more detector devices. "For you there's only a lot of things to check on. To be honest, it truly changes our business model.
Radio frequency or RF, detectors that can capture signals from monitoring devices are also common. The best versions start at $300, but they are just $40, and can cost up to $8,000, depending on the capacity to interpret and discern signals.
Like ancient metal devices, R.F. R.F. Detectors frequently produce a beep or sound that gets closer to a radio signal that transmits it. Digital screens include the most costly models that describe the various radio frequencies detected and where they come from.
Today, radio signals fill most environments. If you will not have the costliest hardware and the instruction that the company provides, you can find it impossible to know whether the place is bugged, or if a signal is received from your neighbor's Wi-Fi, whether from the Bluetooth-based mouse whether wireless device. Security experts first suggest that you turn off or unplug all your gadgets before beginning your scan to reduce the number of false positives.
You can always receive professional assistance, of course. A professional home or office space, depending on the size of a place, the number of nooks, cranes and the extent of the flood, may vary between $1,500 and over $10,000.
USA Bug Sweeps, a surveillance detection firm based in Freehold, N.J., is specializing in residential bug detection and has three sweeps a day vs three years ago, maybe one or two a week ago. The press accounts of cameras being concealed in the homes by incompetent landlords or clever people refer to Jimmie Mesis, the company's executive officer.
Source: NY Times
]]>It is a small camera that can be programmed to film the events and even videos. Most of them are wireless and can be accessible via media objects such as TVs. You can connect to far-away computers and directly pass the data to the internet. The sensor on the camera tracks the body movement and reports the results in a given time frame.
It's possible to customize the nanny camera to monitor the child's and the child's actions quite quickly. They can be related to equipment used in daily life. It can be connected to any electronic device from cups. Each room can be a cam spot.
If the camera is used, security and safety can be ensured. The use of a nanny camera is banned in many countries. Their use shall be allowed without restriction for approximately 15 nations, including California, Connecticut , Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, the Illinois, Louisia, Maryland, Massachusetts. However in some there is a provision that without their permission, a person's voice can not be taped. It would be an illegal act if it were done.
Babies and young children can not talk on their own. There is no way to know if their caregivers other than a spy camera have abused or neglected them. Families can not only watch their children in the case of nanny cams; they can protect and learn the truth about their infants.
Children and children can not express with words their feelings. This is a problem where kids can take their hands and misuse the kids. A nanny cam will help identify a child's true color and monitor the child's actions.
Espionage or spying is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information or divulging of the same without the permission of the holder of the information. Spies help agencies uncover secret information.[1] Any individual or spy ring (a cooperating group of spies), in the service of a government, company or independent operation, can commit espionage. The practice is clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome. In some circumstances it may be a legal tool of law enforcement and in others it may be illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a method of gathering which includes information gathering from non-disclosed sources.
Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term tends to be associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage.
One of the most effective ways to gather data and information about a targeted organization is by infiltrating its ranks. This is the job of the spy (espionage agent). Spies can then return information such as the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the organization and influence them to provide further information or to defect.[2] In times of crisis, spies steal technology and sabotage the enemy in various ways. Counterintelligence is the practice of thwarting enemy espionage and intelligence-gathering. Almost all nations have strict laws concerning espionage and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits gained through espionage are often so great that most governments and many large corporations make use of it.[citation needed]
Information collection techniques used in the conduct of clandestine human intelligence include operational techniques, asset recruiting, and tradecraft.
Today, espionage agencies target the illegal drug trade and terrorists as well as state actors. Between 2008 and 2011, the United States charged at least 57 defendants for attempting to spy for China.[3]
Intelligence services value certain intelligence collection techniques over others. The former Soviet Union, for example, preferred human sources over research in open sources, while the United States has tended to emphasize technological methods such as SIGINT and IMINT. In the Soviet Union, both political (KGB) and military intelligence (GRU[4]) officers were judged by the number of agents they recruited.
Espionage agents are usually trained experts in a targeted field so they can differentiate mundane information from targets of value to their own organizational development. Correct identification of the target at its execution is the sole purpose of the espionage operation.[citation needed]
Broad areas of espionage targeting expertise include:[citation needed]
Although the news media may speak of "spy satellites" and the like, espionage is not a synonym for all intelligence-gathering disciplines. It is a specific form of human source intelligence (HUMINT). Codebreaking (cryptanalysis or COMINT), aircraft or satellite photography, (IMINT) and research in open publications (OSINT) are all intelligence gathering disciplines, but none of them is considered espionage. Many HUMINT activities, such as prisoner interrogation, reports from military reconnaissance patrols and from diplomats, etc., are not considered espionage. Espionage is the disclosure of sensitive information (classified) to people who are not cleared for that information or access to that sensitive information.
Unlike other forms of intelligence collection disciplines, espionage usually involves accessing the place where the desired information is stored or accessing the people who know the information and will divulge it through some kind of subterfuge. There are exceptions to physical meetings, such as the Oslo Report, or the insistence of Robert Hanssen in never meeting the people who bought his information.
The US defines espionage towards itself as "The act of obtaining, delivering, transmitting, communicating, or receiving information about the national defence with an intent, or reason to believe, that the information may be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation". Black's Law Dictionary (1990) defines espionage as: "... gathering, transmitting, or losing ... information related to the national defense". Espionage is a violation of United States law, 18 U.S.C. §§ 792–798 and Article 106a of the Uniform Code of Military Justice".[5] The United States, like most nations, conducts espionage against other nations, under the control of the National Clandestine Service. Britain's espionage activities are controlled by the Secret Intelligence Service.
A spy is a person employed to seek out top secret information from a source. Within the United States Intelligence Community, "asset" is more common usage. A case officer or Special Agent, who may have diplomatic status (i.e., official cover or non-official cover), supports and directs the human collector. Cutouts are couriers who do not know the agent or case officer but transfer messages. A safe house is a refuge for spies. Spies often seek to obtain secret information from another source.
In larger networks, the organization can be complex with many methods to avoid detection, including clandestine cell systems. Often the players have never met. Case officers are stationed in foreign countries to recruit and to supervise intelligence agents, who in turn spy on targets in their countries where they are assigned. A spy need not be a citizen of the target country—hence does not automatically commit treason when operating within it. While the more common practice is to recruit a person already trusted with access to sensitive information, sometimes a person with a well-prepared synthetic identity (cover background), called a legend in tradecraft, may attempt to infiltrate a target organization.
These agents can be moles (who are recruited before they get access to secrets), defectors (who are recruited after they get access to secrets and leave their country) or defectors in place (who get access but do not leave).
A legend is also employed for an individual who is not an illegal agent, but is an ordinary citizen who is "relocated", for example, a "protected witness". Nevertheless, such a non-agent very likely will also have a case officer who will act as a controller. As in most, if not all synthetic identity schemes, for whatever purpose (illegal or legal), the assistance of a controller is required.
Spies may also be used to spread disinformation in the organization in which they are planted, such as giving false reports about their country's military movements, or about a competing company's ability to bring a product to market. Spies may be given other roles that also require infiltration, such as sabotage.
Many governments spy on their allies as well as their enemies, although they typically maintain a policy of not commenting on this. Governments also employ private companies to collect information on their behalf such as SCG International Risk, International Intelligence Limited and others.
Many organizations, both national and non-national, conduct espionage operations. It should not be assumed that espionage is always directed at the most secret operations of a target country. National and terrorist organizations and other groups are also targeted.[citation needed] This is because governments want to retrieve information that they can use to be proactive in protecting their nation from potential terrorist attacks.
Communications both are necessary to espionage and clandestine operations, and also a great vulnerability when the adversary has sophisticated SIGINT detection and interception capability. Agents must also transfer money securely.[citation needed]
Reportedly Canada is losing $12 billion[7] and German companies are estimated to be losing about €50 billion ($87 billion) and 30,000 jobs[8] to industrial espionage every year.
In espionage jargon, an "agent" is the person who does the spying; a citizen of one country who is recruited by a second country to spy on or work against his own country or a third country. In popular usage, this term is often erroneously applied to a member of an intelligence service who recruits and handles agents; in espionage, such a person is referred to as an intelligence officer, intelligence operative or case officer. There are several types of agent in use today:
Espionage is a crime under the legal code of many nations. In the United States, it is covered by the Espionage Act of 1917. The risks of espionage vary. A spy violating the host country's laws may be deported, imprisoned, or even executed. A spy violating its own country's laws can be imprisoned for espionage or/and treason (which in the United States and some other jurisdictions can only occur if they take up arms or aids the enemy against their own country during wartime), or even executed, as the Rosenbergs were. For example, when Aldrich Ames handed a stack of dossiers of U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agents in the Eastern Bloc to his KGB-officer "handler", the KGB "rolled up" several networks, and at least ten people were secretly shot. When Ames was arrested by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), he faced life in prison; his contact, who had diplomatic immunity, was declared persona non grata and taken to the airport. Ames' wife was threatened with life imprisonment if her husband did not cooperate; he did, and she was given a five-year sentence. Hugh Francis Redmond, a CIA officer in China, spent nineteen years in a Chinese prison for espionage—and died there—as he was operating without diplomatic cover and immunity.[12]
In United States law, treason,[13] espionage,[14] and spying[15] are separate crimes. Treason and espionage have graduated punishment levels.
The United States in World War I passed the Espionage Act of 1917. Over the years, many spies, such as the Soble spy ring, Robert Lee Johnson, the Rosenberg ring, Aldrich Hazen Ames,[16] Robert Philip Hanssen,[17] Jonathan Pollard, John Anthony Walker, James Hall III, and others have been prosecuted under this law.
From ancient times, the penalty for espionage in many countries was execution. This was true right up until the era of World War II; for example, Josef Jakobs was a Nazi spy who parachuted into Great Britain in 1941 and was executed for espionage.
In modern times, many people convicted of espionage have been given penal sentences rather than execution. For example, Aldrich Hazen Ames is an American CIA analyst, turned KGB mole, who was convicted of espionage in 1994; he is serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole in the high-security Allenwood U.S. Penitentiary.[18] Ames was formerly a 31-year CIA counterintelligence officer and analyst who committed espionage against his country by spying for the Soviet Union and Russia.[19] So far as it is known, Ames compromised the second-largest number of CIA agents, second only to Robert Hanssen, who is also serving a prison sentence.
Espionage laws are also used to prosecute non-spies. In the United States, the Espionage Act of 1917 was used against socialist politician Eugene V. Debs (at that time the Act had much stricter guidelines and amongst other things banned speech against military recruiting). The law was later used to suppress publication of periodicals, for example of Father Coughlin in World War II. In the early 21st century, the act was used to prosecute whistleblowers such as Thomas Andrews Drake, John Kiriakou, and Edward Snowden, as well as officials who communicated with journalists for innocuous reasons, such as Stephen Jin-Woo Kim.[20][21]
As of 2012, India and Pakistan were holding several hundred prisoners of each other's country for minor violations like trespass or visa overstay, often with accusations of espionage attached. Some of these include cases where Pakistan and India both deny citizenship to these people, leaving them stateless. The BBC reported in 2012 on one such case, that of Mohammed Idrees, who was held under Indian police control for approximately 13 years for overstaying his 15-day visa by 2–3 days after seeing his ill parents in 1999. Much of the 13 years were spent in prison waiting for a hearing, and more time was spent homeless or living with generous families. The Indian People's Union for Civil Liberties and Human Rights Law Network both decried his treatment. The BBC attributed some of the problems to tensions caused by the Kashmir conflict.[22]
Espionage is illegal in the UK under the Official Secrets Acts of 1911 and 1920. The UK law under this legislation considers espionage as "concerning those who intend to help an enemy and deliberately harm the security of the nation". According to MI5, a person commits the offence of 'spying' if they, "for any purpose prejudicial to the safety or interests of the State": approaches, enters or inspects a prohibited area; makes documents such as plans that are intended, calculated, or could directly or indirectly be of use to an enemy; or "obtains, collects, records, or publishes, or communicates to any other person any secret official code word, or password, or any sketch, plan, model, article, or note, or other document which is calculated to be or might be or is intended to be directly or indirectly useful to an enemy". The illegality of espionage also includes any action which may be considered 'preparatory to' spying, or encouraging or aiding another to spy.[23]
Anyone found guilty of espionage is liable to imprisonment for a term of up to 14 years in the UK, although multiple sentences can be issued.
Government intelligence is very much distinct from espionage, and is not illegal in the UK, providing that the organisations of individuals are registered, often with the ICO, and are acting within the restrictions of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA). 'Intelligence' is considered legally as "information of all sorts gathered by a government or organisation to guide its decisions. It includes information that may be both public and private, obtained from much different public or secret sources. It could consist entirely of information from either publicly available or secret sources, or be a combination of the two."[24]
However, espionage and intelligence can be linked. According to the MI5 website, "foreign intelligence officers acting in the UK under diplomatic cover may enjoy immunity from prosecution. Such persons can only be tried for spying (or, indeed, any criminal offence) if diplomatic immunity is waived beforehand. Those officers operating without diplomatic cover have no such immunity from prosecution".
There are also laws surrounding government and organisational intelligence and surveillance. Generally, the body involved should be issued with some form of warrant or permission from the government and should be enacting their procedures in the interest of protecting national security or the safety of public citizens. Those carrying out intelligence missions should act within not only RIPA but also the Data Protection Act and Human Rights Act. However, there are spy equipment laws and legal requirements around intelligence methods that vary for each form of intelligence enacted.
In military conflicts, espionage is considered permissible as many nations recognize the inevitability of opposing sides seeking intelligence each about the dispositions of the other. To make the mission easier and successful, soldiers or agents wear disguises to conceal their true identity from the enemy while penetrating enemy lines for intelligence gathering. However, if they are caught behind enemy lines in disguises, they are not entitled to prisoner-of-war status and subject to prosecution and punishment—including execution.
The Hague Convention of 1907 addresses the status of wartime spies, specifically within "Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: CHAPTER II Spies".[25] Article 29 states that a person is considered a spy who, acts clandestinely or on false pretences, infiltrates enemy lines with the intention of acquiring intelligence about the enemy and communicate it to the belligerent during times of war. Soldiers who penetrate enemy lines in proper uniforms for the purpose of acquiring intelligence are not considered spies but are lawful combatants entitled to be treated as prisoners of war upon capture by the enemy. Article 30 states that a spy captured behind enemy lines may only be punished following a trial. However, Article 31 provides that if a spy successfully rejoined his own military and is then captured by the enemy as a lawful combatant, he cannot be punished for his previous acts of espionage and must be treated as a prisoner of war. Note that this provision does not apply to citizens who committed treason against their own country or co-belligerents of that country and may be captured and prosecuted at any place or any time regardless whether he rejoined the military to which he belongs or not or during or after the war.[26][27]
The ones that are excluded from being treated as spies while behind enemy lines are escaping prisoners of war and downed airmen as international law distinguishes between a disguised spy and a disguised escaper.[6] It is permissible for these groups to wear enemy uniforms or civilian clothes in order to facilitate their escape back to friendly lines so long as they do not attack enemy forces, collect military intelligence, or engage in similar military operations while so disguised.[28][29] Soldiers who are wearing enemy uniforms or civilian clothes simply for the sake of warmth along with other purposes rather than engaging in espionage or similar military operations while so attired are also excluded from being treated as unlawful combatants.[6]
Saboteurs are treated as spies as they too wear disguises behind enemy lines for the purpose of waging destruction on an enemy's vital targets in addition to intelligence gathering.[30][31] For example, during World War II, eight German agents entered the U.S. in June 1942 as part of Operation Pastorius, a sabotage mission against U.S. economic targets. Two weeks later, all were arrested in civilian clothes by the FBI thanks to two German agents betraying the mission to the U.S. Under the Hague Convention of 1907, these Germans were classified as spies and tried by a military tribunal in Washington D.C.[32] On August 3, 1942, all eight were found guilty and sentenced to death. Five days later, six were executed by electric chair at the District of Columbia jail. Two who had given evidence against the others had their sentences reduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to prison terms. In 1948, they were released by President Harry S. Truman and deported to the American Zone of occupied Germany.
The U.S. codification of enemy spies is Article 106 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. This provides a mandatory death sentence if a person captured in the act is proven to be "lurking as a spy or acting as a spy in or about any place, vessel, or aircraft, within the control or jurisdiction of any of the armed forces, or in or about any shipyard, any manufacturing or industrial plant, or any other place or institution engaged in work in aid of the prosecution of the war by the United States, or elsewhere".[33]
Spies have long been favourite topics for novelists and filmmakers.[34] An early example of espionage literature is Kim by the English novelist Rudyard Kipling, with a description of the training of an intelligence agent in the Great Game between the UK and Russia in 19th century Central Asia. Even earlier work was James Fenimore Cooper's classic novel, The Spy, written in 1821, about an American spy in New York during the Revolutionary War.
During the many 20th-century spy scandals, much information became publicly known about national spy agencies and dozens of real-life secret agents. These sensational stories piqued public interest in a profession largely off-limits to human interest news reporting, a natural consequence of the secrecy inherent in their work. To fill in the blanks, the popular conception of the secret agent has been formed largely by 20th and 21st-century fiction and film. Attractive and sociable real-life agents such as Valerie Plame find little employment in serious fiction, however. The fictional secret agent is more often a loner, sometimes amoral—an existential hero operating outside the everyday constraints of society. Loner spy personalities may have been a stereotype of convenience for authors who already knew how to write loner private investigator characters that sold well from the 1920s to the present.[35]
Johnny Fedora achieved popularity as a fictional agent of early Cold War espionage, but James Bond is the most commercially successful of the many spy characters created by intelligence insiders during that struggle. His less fantastic rivals include Le Carre's George Smiley and Harry Palmer as played by Michael Caine.
Jumping on the spy bandwagon, other writers also started writing about spy fiction featuring female spies as protagonists, such as The Baroness, which has more graphic action and sex, as compared to other novels featuring male protagonists.
Spy fiction has also permeated the video game world, in such games as Perfect Dark, Goldeneye 007, No One Lives Forever 1 and 2, and the Metal Gear series.
Espionage has also made its way into comedy depictions. The 1960s TV series Get Smart portrays an inept spy, while the 1985 movie Spies Like Us depicts a pair of none-too-bright men sent to the Soviet Union to investigate a missile.
The historical novel The Emperor and the Spy highlights the adventurous life of U.S. Colonel Sidney Forrester Mashbir, who during the 1920s and 1930s attempted to prevent war with Japan, and when war did erupt, he became General MacArthur's top advisor in the Pacific Theater of World War Two.[36][37]
Author(s) | Title | Publisher | Date | Notes |
Mashbir, Sidney | I Was an American Spy: published 1953, republished as 65th Anniversary Edition in 2019 | Horizon Productions | 1953, republished 2019 | American intelligence agent who played a significant role in both WWI and WWII. Colonel Mashbir is included in the Army Intelligence Corps Hall of Fame. He is a pioneer of military intelligence and is one of two men who first created the framework for the C.I.A. |
Babington-Smith, Constance | Air Spy: The Story of Photo Intelligence in World War II | 1957 | ||
Berg, Moe | The Catcher Was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg | Vintage Books | 1994 | — Major league baseball player and OSS Secret Intelligence (SI) spy in Yugoslavia |
Bryden, John | Best-Kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War | Lester | 1993 | — |
Doundoulakis, Helias | Trained to be an OSS Spy | Xlibris | 2014 | OSS Secret Intelligence (SI) spy in Greece |
Hall, Virginia | The Spy with the Wooden Leg: The Story of Virginia Hall | Alma Little | 2012 | SOE and OSS spy in France |
Hinsley, F. H. and Alan Stripp | Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park | — | 2001 | — |
Hinsley, F. H. | British Intelligence in the Second World War | — | 1996 | Abridged version of multivolume official history. |
Hohne, Heinz | Canaris: Hitler's Master Spy | — | 1979 | — |
Jones, R. V. | The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945 | — | 1978 | — |
Kahn, David | Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II | — | 1978 | — |
Kahn, David | Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939–1943 | — | 1991 | FACE |
Kitson, Simon | The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France | — | 2008 | |
Leigh Fermor, Patrick | Abducting a General: The Kreipe Operation in Crete | New York Review Books | 2015 | SOE spy who abducted General Kreipe from Crete |
Lewin, Ronald | The American Magic: Codes, Ciphers and the Defeat of Japan | — | 1982 | — |
Masterman, J. C. | The Double Cross System in the War of 1935 to 1945 | Yale | 1972 | — |
Persico, Joseph | Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage | — | 2001 | — |
Persico, Joseph | Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA | — | 1991 | — |
Pinck, Dan | Journey to Peking: A Secret Agent in Wartime China | US Naval Institute Press | 2003 | OSS Secret Intelligence (SI) spy in Hong Kong, China, during WWII |
Ronnie, Art | Counterfeit Hero: Fritz Duquesne, Adventurer and Spy | — | 1995 | ISBN 1-55750-733-3 |
Sayers, Michael & Albert E. Kahn | Sabotage! The Secret War Against America | — | 1942 | — |
Smith, Richard Harris | OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency | — | 2005 | — |
Stanley, Roy M. | World War II Photo Intelligence | — | 1981 | — |
Wark, Wesley | The Ultimate Enemy: British Intelligence and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 | — | 1985 | — |
Wark, Wesley | "Cryptographic Innocence: The Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Second World War" in Journal of Contemporary History 22 | — | 1987 | — |
West, Nigel | Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain's Wartime Sabotage Organization | — | 1992 | — |
Winterbotham, F. W. | The Ultra Secret | Harper & Row | 1974 | — |
Winterbotham, F. W. | The Nazi Connection | Harper & Row | 1978 | — |
Cowburn, B. | No Cloak No Dagger | Brown, Watson, Ltd. | 1960 | — |
Wohlstetter, Roberta | Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision | — | 1962 | — |
Author(s) | Title | Publisher | Date | Notes |
Ambrose, Stephen E. | Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment | — | 1981– | — |
Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin | The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB | Basic Books | 1991, 2005 | ISBN 0-465-00311-7 |
Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky | KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev | — | 1990 | — |
Aronoff, Myron J. | The Spy Novels of John Le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics | — | 1999 | — |
Bissell, Richard | Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs | — | 1996 | — |
Bogle, Lori, ed. | Cold War Espionage and Spying | — | 2001– | essays |
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin | The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World | — | — | — |
Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin | The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West | Gardners Books | 2000 | ISBN 978-0-14-028487-4 |
Colella, Jim | My Life as an Italian Mafioso Spy | — | 2000 | — |
Craig, R. Bruce | Treasonable Doubt: The Harry Dexter Spy Case | University Press of Kansas | 2004 | ISBN 978-0-7006-1311-3 |
Dorril, Stephen | MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service | — | 2000 | — |
Dziak, John J. | Chekisty: A History of the KGB | — | 1988 | — |
Gates, Robert M. | From The Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story Of Five Presidents And How They Won The Cold War | — | 1997 | — |
Frost, Mike and Michel Gratton | Spyworld: Inside the Canadian and American Intelligence Establishments | Doubleday Canada | 1994 | — |
Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr | Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America | — | 1999 | — |
Helms, Richard | A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency | — | 2003 | — |
Koehler, John O. | Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police | — | 1999 | — |
Persico, Joseph | Casey: The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA | — | 1991 | — |
Murphy, David E., Sergei A. Kondrashev, and George Bailey | Battleground Berlin: CIA vs. KGB in the Cold War | — | 1997 | — |
Prados, John | Presidents' Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Covert Operations Since World War II | — | 1996 | — |
Rositzke, Harry. | The CIA's Secret Operations: Espionage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action | — | 1988 | — |
Srodes, James | Allen Dulles: Master of Spies | Regnery | 2000 | CIA head to 1961 |
Sontag Sherry, and Christopher Drew | Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage | Harper | 1998 | — |
Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies and Secret Operations | Greenwood Press/Questia[38] | 2004 | — |
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